This week's JR Newsletter is a rather robust presentation of
news and information.
First, Brad Karoleff wrote in response to John Okerson's
question about JRCS participation at the EAC meeting. Brad also wrote about other subjects:
In response to John, there will be no official JRCS
participation at the EAC conference this year. There will be a couple of
dealers that have crossover coins that will be attending the convention.
I have not seen any list of the educational seminars scheduled as of yet.
If you decide to attend the show I'm sure you will have a good time and see
many wonderful coins, some may even be silver!
I would like to encourage anyone working on something for
publication in the John Reich Journal to submit it to me as soon as possible.
I am scheduling a spring issue, around March, and we have to have one out pre-ANA,
July. Currently the cupboard is pretty bare! I look forward to an
avalanche of information for publication this year.
Finally, from the editor:
I blame it on Skynet ;)
In response to our e-editor with apologies for spelling
errors....
Hasta la vista and I'll be back!
Brad Karoleff
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John Okerson wrote:
I am a moderately new member of JRCS – #1475. I have
purchased a few of the back issues from Bryce Brown. The LSCC
folks offer Collective Volumes 1 through 5 which cover multiple years within a
single volume. While not up to date, it makes a great step forward for
someone just starting and is substantially cheaper than buying a complete
collection. Has there been any discussion about doing such a series of
our books?
An alternative might very well be to provide or at least to
offer a DVD containing all of the past
issues the way EAC does when one subscribes to their group.
Just a thought.
John
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W. David Perkins wrote:
2015 Early U.S.
Silver Dollar Census
The 2015 JRCS Silver Dollar Census for the early silver dollars 1794-1803 will be published in the next issue of the John Reich Journal. If you are a JRCS member and have not yet sent your early dollar Census information to me, please try to do so in the next few weeks.
If your collection was included in the last census (which
was published in Volume 21 / Issue 1, February 2011) you may send changes and
additions only, if you like. I do have one new and fairly substantial
collector’s Census. And so far, none of the censuses submitted include an
example of the newly discovered 1803 B-8, BB-157 die marriage! Keep
looking.
At a minimum, please include date, Bolender (B) and /
or Bowers-Borckart (BB) numbers, your numerical grade (raw, NGC, PCGS or
other). Some members include die state information, pedigree and other
decriptive information. This is welcome if you would like to include it.
As always, I welcome your questions, comments and
suggestions regarding the rarity ratings for the early dollars.
If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to
contact me at wdperki (aT)attglobal.net
. You may send your Census to me at this e-mail address, or mail to it me at
P.O. Box 3039, Centennial, CO 80161-3039
Thanks,
W. David Perkins
Centennial, CO
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Centennial, CO
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And the final
contribution is one you won't want to miss:
David Finkelstein
wrote a two-page article entitled, “Weights & Measures Of The First
U S Mint” and provided it here for readers of the JR Newsletter.
By David Finkelstein
There were
two weight measurement systems in use when the United States Mint began copper
coining operations in 1793, silver coining operations in 1794 and gold coining
operations in 1795 --- Avoirdupois and Troy.
The Metric system was not in use yet, as it was first utilized in France
in 1799, and officially sanctioned for use in the United States in 1866.
So which
system of measurement did the first United States Mint use? The numerous documents and log, ledger and
warrant books that are stored at the National Archives and Records
Administration (or NARA) in Philadelphia provide the answer. Figure 1 is the first entry in the Bullion Waste Book, and is dated July
18, 1794. It specifies that the Bank of
Maryland made the first silver bullion deposit.
The gross weight was 94,532 ounces 0 pennyweights (abbreviated as dwts),
and its standard weight was 69,953 ounces 13 pennyweights. Since the weight included pennyweights, the Troy weight system was
used to record gross and standard weight, as the Avoirdupois
weight system does not use the pennyweight measure.
(Editor's note: click on either image to open a larger version)
Figure 1 – Bullion Waste
Book Entry: July 18, 1794
Troy weight
is based on a pennyweight consisting of 24 grains, an ounce consisting of 20 pennyweights
(480 grains), a pound consisting of 12 ounces, and a ton consisting of 2,450
pounds. Avoirdupois weight is based on
an ounce consisting of 16 drams or 437.5 grains, a pound consisting of 16 ounces,
and a ton consisting of 2,000 pounds.
So one
would think that the first United States Mint weighed metals utilizing Troy
counterweights on an Equal Arm Beam Scale (invented around 5000 B.C.), a Steelyard
(or Roman) Balance Scale (invented around 500 B.C.), or a Roberval Scale
(invented around 1660). If you thought
that, you would be wrong. Figure 2 is
part of an entry in the Bullion Waste
Book, dated August 24, 1794.
It specifies that the silver deposit made by the Bank of Maryland was
not weighed correctly due to “the
inaccuracy of the Avoirdupois weights by which it was first weighed”. One can infer from this
entry that the silver deposit was weighed on a scale that utilized Avoirdupois
counterweights, then the Avoirdupois weight was manually converted to its Troy
weight equivalent.
Figure 2 – Bullion Waste
Book Entry: August 24, 1794
All weight
entries made in the Register of Silver
Bullion, the Register of Silver
Deposits, the Register of Gold
Bullion, the Register of Gold
Deposits, the Bullion Journal,
and the Bullion Waste Book specify a
dwts or pennyweight component, therefore the weight was specified as Troy
weight. Although it seems illogical and
counterproductive, it appears that the first United States Mint had a scale
with Avoirdupois counterweights. Once
the Avoirdupois weight was determined, it was manually converted to its Troy
weight equivalent.
So which
system of measurement did the first United States Mint use? The Mint utilized both the Avoirdupois and
Troy weight systems. By the way; what
were the Register of Silver Bullion,
the Register of Silver Deposits, the Register of Gold Bullion, the Register of Gold Deposits, the Bullion Journal, and the Bullion Waste Book ? To be continued…
